World War I, 1914-1918
Nationalism and imperial rivalry at the hearth of the war
A TOTAL WAR: WHY?
28 Allies (ALLIES) against Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria (CENTRAL POWERS)
Beyond armies and borders: Central powers mobilized 21 million, the Allies eventually called 40 million men
Industrial nature of conflict, mobilizing arms & destroying national economies
Consequences
Demise of 4 empires, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Germany
9 new nations, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland
Ending British hegemony, primacy of Europe
UNLEASHING
Indian nationalism, from the 1920s
Turkish independence war, 1919
Bolshevik revolution, 1917
CRISIS
1908, Bosnia-Herzegovina annexed by Austria-Hungary
1911, Italy overtakes today’s Libya
1912-1913 Balkan Wars
Imperial rivalry between Germany and the British Empire, by the 1910s with almost equal industrial output
Nationalism and ethnic, economic, colonial ambitions
1871-1914 escalation of rivalry
Europe with powerful nations: Belgium in 1830, Italy in 1861, Germany in 1871
Still a hotbed of nationalism in Eastern Europe and the Balkans -- the Ottoman empire’s Christians, Austria-Hungary’s Slavic peoples
Germany backing both Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires
Green, Central powers & German Colonies, Purple, Allied and colonies, yellow neutral
The Fronts of the War
WESTERN FRONT : Along a line between northern France and the English channel
EASTERN (Russian) Front, later including Poland
The DARDANELLES
IMPERIAL RIVALRY IN ASIA, Japan versus China
The Last 2 Years
Stalemate by the end of 1916
Italy entering war as an Allied Force
In 1917 Germany decides on submarine war
April 1917 the US enters the war
Germany driven out of France in October 1918
January 1918 , Wilson’s 14 Points
