THE REFORMATION IN CHURCH-CHANGE IN SOCIETY AND CULTURE/Kafescioglu-Feb.27,2009

Reformation in church
Change in Society and Culture

Origins of reformist thought:
-Late medieval origins of discontent with practices of the church and Papacy.

Impact of humanist thinkers from Northern Europe:
-Erasmus of Rotterdam
-Thomas More

“St. Peters indulgence”, 1517
Martin Luther, “Ninety five theses”, 1517

“Protestant churches”
Anglican church, 1529; break with papacy in England,1533

Martin Luther and his wife Katharina von Bora

Primary figures of Protestant reformation:
Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin

Rejection of catholic mass, “priesthood of all believers”

Radical reformers: majority artisans and peasants, often against church hierarchies; based on drive for internal reform. Intensely persecuted by central authorities, Catholic and Protestant


Protestant ideas linked to political and social programs, demands regarding civil rights

Catholic reform

Council of Trent, 1545-1563
Prominence of religious orders, particularly Jesuits, to propagate ideas of Catholic reformers
Wars of religion in Europe, intertwined with political and dynastic issues, 1520’s through 1648

Also: Suppression of others, preoccupation with witchcraft, expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain, establishment of Ghettos for Jewish communities.

Diet of Augsburg, 1555. Each prince to determine religion of his territory and to establish local church: step towards formation and homogenization of territorial states.

Women and social change:
-In protestant thought, women and men spiritually equal, while patriarchal rules and practices prevail.

-Relatively greater visibility, economic and legal independence of women, in catholic and protestant domains, to different degrees across social classes.

- Simultaneously, spread of Roman law unfavorable to women.

THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY AND NORTHERN EUROPE/Kafescioglu-Feb.25,2009

Preliminary remarks:

-19th- and early 20th-century views of the Renaissance, focusing on the sharp break from the Medieval era, and the birth of modern Europe.

-Reflections of enlightenment and modern thinking on the interpretation of European cultural fluorescence of the 15th and 16th centuries.

-Later 20th century critique of earlier interpretations; and current approaches.

Setting:

-15th century Florence: urban commercial economy led by the new mercantile establishment

-new culture of commerce and consumption, new social alignments. Rise to prominence of new merchant-banker elites, over traditional aristocracies.

-Transformation of medieval courtly ideals.Parallel developments in other city states of Italy.

Studia humanitatis:

-Revival of Greek and Roman antiquity, emphasis on humanism and civic virtues. Ancient Greece and Rome perceived as foundational; models for the present, and present ideologies, cultures, and values.

New sense of history:

-validation of the present through the past.Revival of antiquity also a frame and legitimization for new elite and new forms of courtly society.

New sense of self and new modes of self-representation, new modes of negotiating one’s place in social hierarchies.

-Revived or new cultural forms: collections of letters in Latin or vernaculars; geographical surveys, maps; the essay, the autobiography, the newsletter. In visual arts: ancient history and mythology alongside Biblical themes; portrait painting, single point perspective.A relatively more secular outlook, and non-religious modes of expression and cultural production become more visible.

-New forms of artistic and cultural patronage, new forms of civility and manners.

-Encounter with distant and less-distant geographies and peoples, part of Renaissance culture of discovery and expansion.

-Distinctions between medieval and Renaissance rediscovery of antiquity.Diffusion of new cultural trends to northern Europe and fringes of Europe (Hungary, Ottoman lands): Renaissance ideas re-shaped, re-interpreted, used in line with local cultural dynamics.

Drake-Key Themes

Please do read Francis Drake’s Voyages before coming to the discussion session on Friday. Here you have some key themes through which you might read the text linking it with the issues pointed out during the lectures:

* How does Drake describe the natives? Would you argue that a sense of European superiority is dominant in Drake’s account?

* How are the Spanish people and their presence in America represented? What might be the reason behind Drake’s negative attitude vis-à-vis the Spaniards?

* What could you tell about the dynamics of colonial enterprise in the sixteenth century with reference to the text? To what extent are the European states directly involved in “discovering”, subordinating, and exploiting the colonies? In this respect, who is Drake? What is the mission of his ship? Are there any comparable figures in the Ottoman Empire?

* It was pointed out in the lectures that European economies evolved into mercantilism in the sixteenth century. What role do precious metals (silver and gold, or bullion) play in such an economic system? How would you link this with the diary of Francis Drake?

* How would you explain the difference between the colonial conquests (or, overseas empires) and conventional conquests (or, traditional empires)?

readings and sources-1st discussion session

1st discussion session will take place on Feb.27,2009.

Discussion : Discoveries and Global Expansion

Readings and sources: Stearns, Chapter 21 (pp. 458-477); pp. 514-531 (from ch. 24);
and pp. 569-576 (from ch. 26)

Paul Lunde, “Piri Reis and the Columbus Map,” and “A Muslim Discovery of the New World.”

Primary source: Francis Drake, Voyages, 1580

OTTOMAN EXPANSION and THE EAST-WEST TRADE/Terzioglu- Feb. 23,2009

A.Approaches

1-The Ottoman expansion as a spark to the European expansion: a discredited view
2-The Ottoman expansion as a dead-end: a teleological perspective
3-Shared dynamics: Ottoman expansion compared with the Spanish and Portuguese cases

B.Shared dynamics

1-The frontier traditions

a.The frontier
b.State-building
c.Frontier traditions in an imperial context: uses of gaza and reconquista compared

2-The role of trade

a. The Ottoman economic outlook compared with mercantilism
i.Fiscalism
ii.Provisionism

b. Case study: The Ottoman involvement in the Indian Ocean and the East-West trade

3-Military technology and geographical knowledge

a.The early adoption and institutionalization of gunpowder technology

b.The development of the Ottoman navy

c.Cartography and the dissemination of geographical knowledge

Terms/names/dates

Teleology

Frontier

Reconquista

Gaza

Mercantilism

Provisionism

Fiscalism

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1561-1579)

Piri Reis, Kitab-ı Bahriye and the world map

Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi/The History of the West Indies (1583)

EUROPEAN EXPANSION IN THE ATLANTIC AND INDIAN OCEANS: THE MERCANTILE ERA(1500-1750)/Terzibaşoğlu-Feb 20,2009

EUROPEAN EXPANSION IN THE ATLANTIC AND INDIAN OCEANS: THE MERCANTILE ERA (1500 – 1750) / YÜCEL TERZİBAŞOĞLU Feb 20, 2009

- The birth of the world economy in the mercantile era

- Mercantilism and the construction of the market: political and economic

- Conquest of the Americas by the Spanish and the Portuguese

- Local trading networks (regulated by Aztec and Mayan empires) replaced by the Atlantic trade (regulated by Spanish and Portuguese crowns)

- Differences between Spanish and Portuguese expansion

- Portuguese in Africa and the Indian Ocean in the 15th century: establishment of commercial bases and a trading network

- Spanish in America: establishment of an empire

- Demographic collapse and slavery, establishment of a plantation economy

- Emergence of new political and economic structures in Latin America

- Flow of silver: a mixed blessing for Europe

- Reasons for the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power

- The rise of the Dutch: domestic conditions in the Low Countries, the struggle between merchants and crafts guilds, and between town and countryside.

Discussion sessions

will start on February,27.

106.01 Fridays, 09:00-10:00-KPARK 6 (SEREN AKYOLDAS)

106.02 Fridays, 10:00-11:00-KPARK 7 (UMIT FIRAT ACİKGOZ)
106.03 Fridays, 10:00-11:00-KPARK 6 (SEREN AKYOLDAS)

106.04 Fridays, 11:00-12:00- KPARK 11(SEREN AKYOLDAS)
106.05 Fridays, 11:00-12:00-KPARK 7 (UMIT FIRAT ACIKGOZ)
106.06 Fridays,11:00-12:00-KPARK 10(CEREN ABI)
106.07 Fridays,11:00-12:00-KPARK 1(MELEK CEVAHIROGLU)

106.08 Fridays,13:00-14:00-KPARK 11(MELEK CEVAHIROGLU)
106.09 Fridays,13:00-14:00-KPARK 6(CEREN ABI)
106.10 Fridays, 13:00-14:00-KPARK 2(UMIT FIRAT ACIKGOZ)

106.11 Fridays, 14:00-15:00-KPARK 11(MELEK CEVAHIROGLU)
106.12 Fridays, 14:00-15:00-KPARK 12(CEREN ABI)

HIST 106-SYLLABUS

Boğaziçi University Department of History

HIST 106: THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD II SPRING 2009

Coordinator: Ahmet Ersoy
e-mail: ersoya@boun.edu.tr office hours: Tuesdays 13:00-15:00; TB 512

Teaching Assistants: Seren Akyoldaş (Head T.A.) hist105@boun.edu.tr
Ceren Abi, Ümit Fırat Açıkgöz, Melek Cevahiroğlu

Lectures: MWF 4, GKM
Discussion sessions: Fridays, Kuzey Park, hours TBA
Web: http://hist106-2009spring.blogspot.com/

Course Description:

The Making of the Modern World (Hist 105; Hist 106) is a two-semester elective course providing a thematic history of the world from ancient to modern times. The course surveys the major patterns and events of human activity from a global perspective within a broad chronological framework, while familiarizing students with interactions, parallelisms, and incongruities in the historical and cultural patterns of diverse societies and civilizations. The course aims to develop an understanding of modes and patterns of historical change, and provides a perspective on the complex ways in which the legacy of the past shapes our present.

Hist 106 explores the paths of specific historical change in the early modern and modern periods in different regions of the world, covering the period between the 15th and the early 20th centuries. Therefore the course is as much about the Renaissance and Reformation in Europe as about culture and society in the early modern Middle East; as much about transformations in European feudalism as about the methods of rule of East Asian polities; as much about the revolutions of 1789 and 1848 in Europe as about the transformation of Ottoman political power in relation to the Habsburg and Russian empires. Issues regarding political, cultural, ideological and institutional structures and transformations that ushered in the modern era are discussed, as well as aspects of daily life and material culture. Connections and interactions across spatial and cultural divides remain a focus throughout the survey.


Format:

Hist 106 is team-taught by members of the History Department. Lectures of each week will be followed by one-hour discussion sessions led by the teaching assistants on Fridays.

There are two types of reading for the course. Two textbooks [P.N. Stearns, M. Adas, S.B. Schwartz, M.H. Gilbert, World Civilizations: The Global Experience (New York, 2007), and C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914 (Oxford, 2004)], provide an introduction and background to the topics to be covered in the lectures. The primary source readings for each week introduce a set of particular issues and themes directly related to the lecture topics. The Friday sections with the teaching assistants will be devoted in part to the in-depth discussion and interpretation of the primary sources, and in part to the discussion of the main themes and issues of the week. Four historical movies or documentaries related to course themes will be screened through the semester.

It is highly important that you participate fully in the course by attending the lectures, doing the readings (preferably before lectures, certainly before the Friday discussion hours), and partaking in the discussions led by the teaching assistants.

All required readings will be available as electronic documents on the Boğaziçi Library web site (go to Catalogue Search; Search Course Reserves). Also included in the library reserves are additional sections from Bayly’s The Birth of the Modern World which are listed as supplementary readings. These are not required readings but are only included as supplementary material for students with special interest in certain topics. Stearns, et. al, World Civilizations: The Global Experience is also available in the Boğaziçi University Bookstore. Lecture outlines and course announcements will be posted on the course website.

Requirements: (There are no pre-requisites for Hist 106)
Mid-term exam: 40%
Final exam: 50%
Attendance and participation in discussion sessions: 10%

HIST 106 THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD II SPRING 2009

18 February W Introduction
Ersoy


A.) DISCOVERIES AND EXPANSION
20 February F European Expansion in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Terzibaşoğlu

Reading: P.N. Stearns, M. Adas, S.B. Schwartz, M.H. Gilbert, World Civilizations: The Global Experience (New York, 2007), pp. 434-448.


23 February M Ottoman Expansion and the East-West Trade
Terzioğlu

B.) RELIGION, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IN THE EARLY MODERN ERA

25 February W The Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe
Kafescioğlu


27 February F The Reformation and Counter Reformation: Change in Society and Culture
Kafescioğlu

Discussion : Discoveries and Global Expansion
Readings and sources: Stearns, Chapter 21 (pp. 458-477); pp. 514-531 (from ch. 24); and pp. 569-576 (from ch. 26)
Francis Drake, Voyages, 1580
Paul Lunde, “Piri Reis and the Columbus Map,” and “A Muslim Discovery of the New World.”


2 March M Society and Culture in the Early Modern Near East
Kafescioğlu

C.) THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM: STATE-BUILDING AND POLITICAL CONFLICTS

4 March W Film: Florence

6 March F The Power of the Prince: The Renaissance State
Kafescioğlu

Discussion: The Court and the City
Readings and sources: Stearns, pp. 438-442 (from ch. 20); and pp. 478-486 (from ch. 22)
Castiglione, from The Book of the Courtier
Mustafa Ali, from The Tables of Delicacies

9 March M The Power of the Prince: States in the Post-Mongol Middle East
Terzioğlu

11 March W Ottoman Absolutism and its Limits
Terzioğlu

13 March F The Ming Bureaucratic Empire in China and Tokugawa Centralized
Feudal Order in Japan
Togan

Discussion: Mirrors for Princes
Readings and sources: Stearns, Chapter 26 (pp. 566-590); and pp. 601-612 (from ch. 27)
Machiavelli, from The Prince, pp. 16-19; and 67-71 [parts IV and IX]
Supplementary Reading: Bayly, Chapter 1, pp. 27-48.

Film: The Merchant of Venice

16 March M Absolutism at its Peak: France Under Louis XIV
Terzioğlu

18 March W Absolutism Challenged: The English Revolution
Terzioğlu

D.) REASON AND REVOLUTION

20 March F Scientific Revolution: from the Renaissance to Newton
Girardelli

Discussion: Critique of Absolutism
Readings and sources: Stearns, Chapter 22 (pp. 478-496); and Bayly, pp. 49-55.
Voltaire, from A Philosophical Dictionary
Montesquieu, from The Spirit of Laws
Supplementary Reading: Bayly, chapter 2

23 March M The European Enlightenment
Girardelli

25 March W An Enlightenment Experiment: The American Revolution
Mazzari

27 March F Destroying the Ancien Régime: The French Revolution
Girardelli

Discussion: Enlightenment and Revolution
Readings and sources: Stearns, Chapter 28 (pp. 622-646), and Bayly, pp. 86-100.

Rousseau, from The Social Contract
Diderot and d’Alembert, from The Encyclopédie: “Philosophe”
Supplementary Reading: Bayly, chapter 3

Film: Danton

E.) AGE OF CAPITALISM

30 March M Transition to Capitalism: Agricultural Origins
Terzibaşoğlu

1 April W Diverging Paths: Mercantilism vs. Free Trade
Terzibaşoğlu

3 April F The Industrial Revolution
Terzibaşoğlu

Discussion: Social Transformations in the Age of Capitalism
Readings and Sources: Bayly, pp. 114-120; pp. 125-138; and pp. 155-160; and Review Stearns, pp. 631-639.
Friedrich Engels, “Industrial Manchester”

6 April M Colonialism and Imperialism: A Project for World Domination
Terzibaşoğlu

8 April W MIDTERM EXAM

10 April F Society Transformed: Peasants, Workers, Consumers and Capitalists
Terzibaşoğlu

Discussion: Colonialism and Imperialism
Readings and sources: Stearns, Chapter 29 (pp. 648-671); and Bayly, pp. 170-188.
John Hobson, “Imperialism”
Joseph Conrad, from The Heart of Darkness
Supplementary Reading: Bayly, pp. 227-233.


13 April M Romanticism and the Rise of History
Ersoy


F.) STATES AND NATIONS

15 April W Nations and Nationalism in Europe
Karakışla

17 April F Towards a Europe of Nations and Latecomers
Karakışla

Discussion: Perspectives on the Nation
Readings and sources: Bayly, pp. 199-212; and pp. 218-227.
Renan, What is a Nation?

20 April M Old Empires, the Struggle for Survival: Romanovs, Ottomans, and Habsburgs
Ersoy

22 April W 19th Century Ottoman Transformations
Ersoy

24 April F 19th Century Russian Transformations
Karakışla

Discussion: Late Ottoman Politics of Identity
Readings and sources: Stearns, pp. 700-714 (ch. 31); pp.724-732 (ch. 32); Bayly, pp. 212-218
From the Gülhane Edict.
Ahmed Midhat, from The Basis of Reform

4 May M Reform as Resistance: Meiji Modernity and Japan’s Asian Empire
Aoki Girardelli

G.) REVOLUTION, WAR AND MODERNITY

6 May W Revolution and Nationalism in China
Togan

8 May F Women, Power and Modernity: Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Öztürkmen

Discussion: Reform and Revolution: Westernism versus Asianism
Readings and Sources: Stearns, pp. 714-722 (ch.31); pp. 735-743 (ch. 32); and Bayly, pp. 395-402.
Fukuzawa Yukichi, (1835-1901) Civilization and Enlightenment, pp. 705-707.
Amur Society (Black Dragons) Anniversary Statement, 1930, pp. 951-953.
Liang Ch’i-Ch’ao, (1873-1929) A People Made New, pp. 755-759.
Sun Yat-Sen, (1866-1925), The Three Principles, pp.767-771.
Supplementary Reading: Bayly, Chapter 11.

11 May M The Great War
Karakışla

13 May W The Russian Revolution
Karakışla

15 May F The End of Empires
Karakışla

Discussion: War and Revolution
Readings and sources: Stearns, pp. 724-735 (from ch. 32); and Chapter 33 (pp. 754-780).
Private Barkley’s Journal
Lenin, “Our Programme”
Woodrow Wilson, “Fourteen Points”
Supplementary Reading: Bayly, Chapter 13

Film: All Quiet on the Western Front

18 May M The Dawn of a New Age: Culture and Modernity
Girardelli

20 May W Anti-colonialism and Orientalism
Ersoy

22 May F Overview
Ersoy

Discussion: Review
Readings: Stearns, pp. 746-753 (from Part VI); pp. 782-787 (from ch. 34); and pp. 831-839 (from ch. 35)